Most people have never heard of a SIMPLE IRA and are curious to know the rules, limits and how it differs from a 401(k).
A SIMPLE IRA sounds “simple” to setup but is it really that easy? And how does it compare to the 401k and other retirement plans that exist? We’ll answer that and more as we take a deep dive into the Simple IRA rules and limits.
What is a Simple IRA?
A Simple IRA, or Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees, is a type of employer-sponsored retirement savings plan that is designed to be easy to set up and maintain for small business owners.
It offers a way for employees to save for retirement on a tax-deferred basis, while also requiring employers to make contributions on behalf of their employees.
Benefits of the Simple IRA vs 401k
One of the main benefits of a Simple IRA is that it is easy for small business owners to set up and maintain.
| Unlike a 401(k) plan, which can be complex and costly to administer, a Simple IRA can be established by any employer with 100 or fewer employees. |
Additionally, the plan requires minimal paperwork and has relatively low administrative costs.
Benefits of the Simple IRA
Another key benefit of a Simple IRA is that it allows employees to make contributions to the plan on a pre-tax basis. This means that the money employees contribute to the plan is not subject to income taxes until it is withdrawn in retirement.
This can help employees save money on their taxes in the short-term, while also allowing them to save for retirement in the long-term.
Employers are also required to make contributions to a Simple IRA on behalf of their employees.
The employer must either match employee contributions dollar for dollar up to 3% of compensation or make a non-elective contribution of 2% of compensation for all eligible employees.
This can be a great incentive for employees to save for retirement and a way for small business owners to attract and retain talented employees.
These are the common reasons why you might see an employer offering a SIMPLE IRA versus a 401(k).
7 Things You Should Know About the SIMPLE IRA
1. Your Employers Contributions are 100% Vested.
With most 401(k)s you must work for the employer for a certain number of years to be vested. This means if you were to leave that employer you could take that employer’s matching contribution with you.
But with the 401(k) you have anywhere from three to five years before you’ve satisfied the 401(k) vesting schedule, which is different with SIMPLE IRA.
With the SIMPLE IRA, you are 100% vested whenever the employer deposits that into your account.
This is definitely a huge difference than the 401(k). Both you and any employees you have enjoy immediate vesting, not only of your own contributions to the plan, but also of matching contributions on the employer side.
2. Employers Have To Match in a SIMPLE IRA
Each year, the employer is required to make a contribution to your SIMPLE IRA account whether it be in the form of a match or what’s called a non-elected contribution. Matching contribution states that the employer has to match at least what you match.
So, if you’re matching 3%, the employer has to match 3% as well. Note that 3% is the most that the employer has to match, which could be considerably different than compared to a 401(k).
If you’re matching 3%, the employer has to match 3% as well. Note that 3% is the most that the employer has to match, which could be considerably different compared to a 401(k).
The employer does have the option to reduce the matching amount to 1% for two of a five-year period. What that means is that if the employer does do this, they have to match the full 3% for the remaining three of those five years.
The calculation can be a little tricky, but know that your employer is matching no matter what.
If the employer chooses to not match, they may do a “non-elect contribution”. That means they will contribute 2% of your salary. Even if you are contributing 3% of your salary, they will only contribute the 2%.
3. Employees Control the Investments
With most 401(k)s, you are limited to the investment options that your employer provides you. This is considerably different when compared to the SIMPLE IRA. Being a self-employed retirement plan, the SIMPLE IRA gives you the discretion of what exactly you want your money invested into.
If you want to buy individual stocks, mutual funds, ETFs, or CDs, you are allowed. This is the same feature that a SEP IRA offers.
The investment control factor plays out in two ways:
- Employee choice of investment trustee. You can designate the plan so that the employee chooses his or her own financial institution to hold the plan. That not only gives greater choice to the employees, but it also relieves you, as the employer, of the burden of managing the entire plan for everyone.
- Self-directed investing. Participants not only choose the financial institution, but they are also free to engage in do-it-yourself investing. That means they can choose how the money is invested, where it’s invested, as well as the level of risk that they are willing to assume.
4. Employees can contribute 100% of their income into a SIMPLE IRA.
You are allowed to contribute up to $15,500 in 2023, up from $14,000 in 2022, per year in a SIMPLE IRA. If you’re over the age of 50, you’re allowed a catch-up contribution, which increased to $3,500. Please note that the $15,500 (or $19,000) is far less than the amount that you are eligible to contribute to a 401(k).
Nor is it as high as the (up to) $66,000 that you could contribute to either a SEP IRA or a Solo 401(k).
But the SIMPLE IRA contribution limit is more than two times as high as the contribution limit for a traditional or Roth IRA. And the contribution limit for people 50 or older is almost 2 ½ times higher than the $7,500 limit for traditional and Roth IRAs.
The 100% feature of the SIMPLE IRA means that the employee can contribute virtually all of their income to the plan, up to the maximum contribution. That means that if an employee earns $30,000, they can contribute the first $15,500 of their income into the plan (or $19,000 if they’re 50 or older). There is no percentage limitation on the contribution, only the dollar amount.
Yes, it’s true that you can contribute more to other plans, like the SEP-IRA or the Solo 401(k). But your business will have to have a relatively high income to reach those levels since both are percentage-based.
But if your self-employment income is less than $100,000 per year, you might find the simplicity of the SIMPLE IRA to be the better choice for your business.
For example, SIMPLE IRAs don’t require filing special reports with the IRS. They also aren’t subject to discrimination and top-heavy testing. It’s more of a group IRA than anything else. And for a small business, simple is a definite advantage.
5. SIMPLE IRA’s Do Not Allow Loans
A lot of 401(k)s have loan provisions that allow the employee to borrow against their money if need be. With SIMPLE IRAs, this is not the case. Keep that in mind if you’re thinking that this might be a last resort place to draw money out.
The reason this is true is that a SIMPLE IRA is first and foremost an IRA. And just as you cannot borrow money from a traditional or a Roth IRA, you also can’t borrow from a SIMPLE IRA. That’s probably not a bad thing either. The most important function of any retirement plan is giving you the ability to create a tax-sheltered investment portfolio for your retirement.
Since you won’t be able to borrow against a SIMPLE IRA, you’ll be forced to keep the plan for its primary intended purpose.
6. The SIMPLE IRA Two-year Rule.
This is something that should be definitely noted within the SIMPLE IRA. Most retirement plans — 401(k)s, regular IRAs, or Roth IRAs, etc. — have the 10% early withdrawal penalty if under the age of 59.5. But with the SIMPLE IRA, it takes it one step further.
If the SIMPLE IRA that you’ve started is less than two years and you cash it out, instead of the normal 10% penalty, you will be subject to a 25% penalty in addition to ordinary income tax.
Do not overlook this. Keep in mind that doesn’t apply to just cashing it out. If you were attempting to rollover your SIMPLE IRA into a rollover IRA, the 25% penalty would apply as well. Remember to just wait the two years before converting into either a regular IRA or cashing it out.
7. The 2023 Contributions Have Increase
The contribution limit for 2023 increased to $15,500. The catch-up contribution limit, also increased to $3,r00. That means that for somebody that turns 50 in the year 2022 or 2023, and has access to a Simple IRA, can contribute a total of $19,000.
Setting Up a SIMPLE IRA and Maintaining Filing Requirements
Setting up a SIMPLE IRA is only a little bit more complicated than setting up a traditional or Roth IRA. You start by selecting a financial institution (which we’ll cover below), and then following three steps:
- Execute a written agreement to provide benefits to all eligible employees
- Give employees certain information about the agreement
- Set up an IRA account for each employee
The written agreement can be completed using IRS Form 5304-SIMPLE or IRS Form 5305-SIMPLE. (5304 is used if each participant will choose their own financial institution. A 5305 is used if you will designate the financial institution for the entire plan).
Neither form is required to be filed with the IRS, but you should keep a completed copy of the form on file, including all relevant signatures. You could also use a pro forma provided by the financial institution that you will be using to hold the plan. It will accomplish the same purpose.
You’ll need to provide an annual notice to eligible employees at the beginning of the election period (or provide each with a copy of either the completed 5304 or 5305 form). That will notify each employee of the following:
- The employee’s opportunity to make or change a salary reduction choice under the SIMPLE IRA plan;
- The employees’ ability to select a financial institution that will serve as trustee of the employees’ SIMPLE IRA, if applicable;
- Your decision to make either matching contributions or nonelective contributions;
- A summary description (the financial institution should provide this information); and
- Written notice that the employee can transfer his or her balance without cost or penalty if you are using a designated financial institution.
The plan must be set up by or for each eligible employee, and all contributions to the plan must go into it. The plan must be established between January 1 through October 1 of the year. Unfortunately, a SIMPLE IRA cannot have a Roth provision, as would be possible with a 401(k) plan.
Pros and Cons of a Simple IRA
If you’re considering a SIMPLE IRA for your business here’s a breakdown of the pros and cons of setting it up versus another retirement plan:
| Pros | Cons |
| Easy to set up and maintain for small business owners | Limited investment options, compared to other types of retirement plans like 401(k)s |
| Allows employees to make contributions to the plan on a pre-tax basis | Employer contributions are mandatory, which can be costly for small business owners |
| Employers are required to make contributions to the plan on behalf of their employees | Lower contribution limits compared to other types of retirement plans like 401(k)s and traditional IRAs |
| Lower administrative costs compared to other types of retirement plans like 401(k)s | Eligibility is limited to employers with 100 or fewer employees |
| No income limits on contributions or on tax deductions for contributions | Employer matching contributions are not as flexible as other plans like 401(k)s |
Where Can I Open a SIMPLE IRA?
A SIMPLE IRA can be opened through a wide number of potential trustees. These can include banks, investment brokerage firms, mutual fund families, and managed investment account brokers. The process is easy and comparable to opening up either a traditional or a Roth IRA.
For whatever reason, there are fewer investment brokerage firms that accept SIMPLE IRA plans, than other types of IRAs, like traditional, Roth, rollover, and even SEP plans. Below are two investment brokers that we have reviewed (or use), and recommend as a trustee for your plan.
TD Ameritrade
We’ve done a full review of TD Ameritrade and recommend it as a good trustee for a SIMPLE IRA plan. Like many other large brokers, they’ve eliminated trading fees on stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and options. And they have a strong IRA capability in general. They’re a diversified broker, offering , stocks, options, mutual funds, ETFs, futures, Forex, bonds, and even certificates of deposit.
Not only do they have excellent customer service, but they also have more than 100 branches located nationwide, in case you prefer face-to-face contact. They also have a Retirement Calculator tool, that analyzes your personal information, goals, income, assets, and risk tolerance, and then shows you how to reach your goals, as well as track your progress.
They also offer more than 100 ETFs that you can trade for free. All around, TD Ameritrade is an excellent platform to host a SIMPLE IRA plan or any other type of IRA account.
E*TRADE
We’ve also reviewed E*TRADE, and in doing so we’ve rated it as the best investment platform for active traders. The platform offers free independent research, streaming real-time quotes, customizable planning tools everything that you need for do-it-yourself investing.
At $0 per trade, they’re one of the best in the industry on pricing. But they also offer more than 2,700 no-load, no transaction fee mutual funds. And since they offer virtually every other type of investment or retirement plan, you can use E*TRADE to hold all of your accounts with one brokerage.
E*TRADE is well recognized in regard to customer service, which can be reached by phone 24 hours a day. They also offer as much or as little account assistance as you need. And if you want a fully managed account, E*TRADE offers that through their E*TRADE Capital Management arm. That will even enable you to have your SIMPLE IRA plan split between a self-directed portion and a professionally managed portion.
The Bottom Line on the Simple IRA
The Simple IRA can be a great option for small business owners and their employees. It offers an easy and low-cost way for employees to save for retirement on a tax-deferred basis, while also requiring employers to make contributions on behalf of their employees.
If you are a small business owner or an employee, it’s worth considering a Simple IRA as part of your retirement savings strategy.
FAQs on Simple IRA Rules
For the year 2023, the contribution limit for a Simple IRA is $15,500 for individuals under age 50 and $19,000 for those 50 and older ($3,500 catchup contribution). These limits may be adjusted for inflation in future years.
Eligibility to contribute to a Simple IRA depends on a few factors, including the size of the employer and the employee’s compensation. Generally, any employer with 100 or fewer employees can establish a Simple IRA plan and eligible employees can make contributions to the plan.
Yes, there are penalties for withdrawing funds from a Simple IRA before reaching age 59.5. These withdrawals are subject to a 10% early withdrawal penalty in addition to any applicable income taxes.
When you change jobs, you have several options for your Simple IRA. You can leave the money in the plan with your former employer, roll the money over to a traditional IRA, or roll the money over to a new employer’s Simple IRA plan if they have one.
Cited Research Articles
- IRS.gov SIMPLE IRA Plan (n.d.) https://www.irs.gov/retirement-plans/plan-sponsor/simple-ira-plan
- IRS.gov Retirement Topics – SIMPLE IRA Contribution Limits (n.d.) https://www.irs.gov/retirement-plans/plan-participant-employee/retirement-topics-simple-ira-contribution-limits
- IRS.gov IRA FAQs – Distributions (Withdrawals) https://www.irs.gov/retirement-plans/retirement-plans-faqs-regarding-iras-distributions-withdrawals